[转贴]简论现代游泳技术与训练的发展方向
<TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 413.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt 6.0pt; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-left: left; mso-cellspacing: .7pt" cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=0 width=551 align=left border=0><TBODY><TR style="HEIGHT: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 396.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 6pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; HEIGHT: 31.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=bottom width=529><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-outline-level: 1" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: #05006c; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">简论现代游泳技术与训练的发展方向</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: #05006c; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD></TR><TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 396.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 6pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" vAlign=top width=529><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma"> 游泳训练的历史从游泳竞赛出现后就已经开始了。现代游泳训练到今天已经发展了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">余年。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">100</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">年来,游泳训练从无到有;从简单的技术改进,到多种训练方法和手段的运用;从单纯的追求运动量到注重强度与量的结合;从注重发展运动员的体能到强调技术和专项能力并重发展。简单的说,游泳训练的发展同人们对于游泳项目的本质的认识紧密联系。随着人们对于游泳运动本质的更深入的研究和认识,游泳训练的发展也进入到了一个新的阶段。对于我国游泳工作者来说,最重要的一点,是我们应当具备更为深刻的和科学的观念,对游泳运动训练的认识应当建立在科学的思维方式基础上,这一点是十分重要的。因此,研究和分析世界游泳训练的发展趋势,对于今后更好的把握训练的方向有重要的意义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR>1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">技术发展的主要方向</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">强调运动员的技术有利于减少阻力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">游泳技术的合理性对于运动员的游进速度起到关键的作用。如果理解这个问题是很简单的,例如一名举重运动员虽然有很好的力量水平,但是他有可能游不过一名</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">岁的业体校的小运动员。这说明虽然力量对于游泳运动员是很重要的,但关键要看运动员在水中利用力量的能力。也就是说运动员对自身力量的利用效率对于游泳是十分重要的。所以,全力发展运动员的最大力量对于游泳项目本身并不是最重要的,重要的是加强运动员的水中力量的效率。要做到这一点,就要使运动员掌握合理的技术。对于技术的合理性,不同的教练员和运动员有不同的理解。首先是要符合运动员的生理和解刨学的特点。同时,合理的技术是要能够尽量的减少阻力,增加推动力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">游泳运动员在水中的阻力主要有主动阻力和被动阻力。被动阻力同运动员的身体形态及在水中的姿势有很大的关系。而主动阻力同运动员在水中的游进方式有很大关系。如果运动员在水中游进时身体重心的移动比较平稳,游进的速度的变化是较为均匀的、平稳的,在游进中运动员的主动阻力会比较大,而相反,在游进中游速的变化是均匀的,或者说最高速度和最低速度的差小的话,那么,主动阻力就会小。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">举个例子,波波夫在游进中的功率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">87</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">瓦特,而另外两名运动员的功率分别为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">117</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">170</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">瓦特,但是另外两名运动员的速度并不如波波夫更快。这就主要是由于不同的技术造成的。波波夫的主要技术特点就是连续、连贯的用力。这种技术的形成主要是依靠长期的技术训练形成的,而不是先天形成的。这从另一方面也给我们一个启事,就是正确、合理的技术是可以通过训练来得到的。就像我们的体操、跳水、乒乓球的训练一样,通过训练我们可以达到较好的技术水平。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">重视技术的效果,保持合理的划频与划幅</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">当今世界优秀游泳运动员的技术都较为重视技术的效果,即划频与划幅的合理配合,使技术更加合理化,经济化。在保证技术效果的同时,根据比赛项目和战术采用合理的动作频率来完成比赛。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">划频是指单位时间内划水的次数,通常用次</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">分或次</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">/</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">秒来表示;划幅是指一次动作所划进的距离。以波波夫为例(表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">),在几名奥运会冠军中波波夫的划幅最大,而划频最少。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">波波夫在亚特兰大奥运会上的成绩也在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">48.74</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">秒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">但是划频为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">46</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">次</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">而在创造世界纪录时的划频为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">次。波波夫自己认为适合自己的划频在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">47</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">次为好。但是随着体重的增加和身体其他状况的改变,他的技术也是有改变的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <BR><P align=center><IMG src="/attachments/Upfiles/20071013215546940.jpg"></P><BR><BR> 合理的技术是要能够尽量的减少阻力,增加推动力。 重视技术的效果
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